In Books
18 and
20 of Antiquities of the Jews, written around AD 93 to 94, Josephus twice refers to the biblical Jesus. The general scholarly view holds that the longer passage, known as the
Testimonium Flavianum, most likely consists of an authentic nucleus that was subjected to later Christian
interpolation or
forgery.
[67][68] On the other hand, Josephus scholar
Louis H. Feldman states that "few have doubted the genuineness" of the reference found in
Antiquities 20, 9, 1 to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James".
[69][70][71][72]
Tacitus, in his
Annals (written c. AD 115),
book 15, chapter 44,
[73] describes
Nero's
scapegoating of the Christians following the
Fire of Rome. He writes that the founder of the sect was named Christus (the Christian title for Jesus); that he was executed under Pontius Pilate; and that the movement, initially checked, broke out again in
Judea and even in Rome itself.
[74] The scholarly consensus is that Tacitus' reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate is both authentic and of historical value as an independent Roman source.