Well, let's see chapter #966 again...
"Our log pose couldn't guide us further because the needles kept spinning!!!
but... I'm sure there's one last island!"
Adversative Conjunction – Definition
As you already know, adversative conjunctions are categorised under coordinating conjunctions;
they connect two clauses or sentences to create oppositions. To elaborate, it shows a relationship of
contrast, contradiction, or concession between the two parts of a sentence.
7 Adversative Conjunction Examples:
But, Yet, However, While, Although, Nevertheless, Still.
https://leverageedu.com/explore/learn-english/adversative-conjunction-examples/
Example with "but": Our log pose couldn't guide us further, but I'm sure there's one last island.
It could be changed to: I'm sure there's one last island, despite the log pose not indicating so. So, the log pose wasn't the evidence for Roger's assertion, it was something else (probably the knowledge of poneglyphs that he mentioned in the next page). On the contrary, if Roger only believed on the log pose, he possibly would've never searched for the last island.