Sources on Pontius Pilate are limited, although modern scholars know more about him than about other
Roman governors of Judaea.
[11] The most important sources are the
Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer
Philo of Alexandria,
[12] the
Jewish Wars (c. 74) and
Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94) by the Jewish historian
Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian
Gospels,
Mark (composed between 66–70),
Luke (composed between 85–90),
Matthew (composed between 85–90), and
John (composed between 90–110);
[11] he is also mentioned in the
Acts of the Apostles (composed between 85–90) and by the
First Epistle to Timothy (written in the second half of the 1st century).
Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the
Trallians,
Magnesians, and
Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105–110 AD).
[14] He is also briefly mentioned in
Annals of the Roman historian
Tacitus (early 2nd century AD), who simply says that he put Jesus to death.
[11] Two additional chapters of Tacitus's
Annals that might have mentioned Pilate have been lost.
[15] Besides these texts, dated coins in the name of emperor Tiberius minted during Pilate's governorship have survived, as well as a fragmentary short inscription that names Pilate, known as the
Pilate Stone, the only inscription about a Roman governor of Judaea predating the
Roman-Jewish Wars to survive.
[16][17][18] The written sources provide only limited information and each has its own biases, with the gospels in particular providing a theological rather than historical perspective on Pilate.
[19]