I'll try to explain this in the best way possible that i personally can if anyone finds mistake in what i say they are up for correction obviously
Btw Jummah Mubarak to you and Other here
@BornInAbyss @ranady @VisualKei
this is actually a pretty lengthy topic to discuss
So starting off you should understand the basics of the time of out Prophet's (SAW) and the later 4 rightly guided Caliph's (RA) times
During their time Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was the leader who would give Fatwas or speeches dealing the issues of people and regarding what is halal snd haram and during his time many Sahabah's would memorize and write down the words of the prophet and preach it to people.
After the death of our Prophet (PBUH) the next leader was Abu Bakr Assidiq (RA) the best friend of the Prophet (SAW) and since he was chosen by all the Sahabah to lead the Ummah After the Prophet people then started to come to him to give rulings..now you will ask me.. who gave Abubakr the right to make ruling when he isn't the Prophet.. first off he knew Prophet (SAW) more than anyone on the planet that every met the Prophet
And Prophet Muhammad (Saw) told us in a sound Hadith you can just read the highlights if you want to but it states
"
Hadith 28, 40 Hadith an-Nawawi
On the authority of Abu Najeeh al-’Irbaad ibn Saariyah (may Allah be pleased with him) who said:
The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) gave us a sermon by which our hearts were filled with fear and tears came to our eyes. So we said, “O Messenger of Allah! It is as though this is a farewell sermon, so counsel us.” He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, “I counsel you to have taqwa (fear) of Allah, and to listen and obey [your leader], even if a slave were to become your ameer. Verily he among you who lives long will see great controversy, so you must keep to my Sunnah and to the Sunnah of the Khulafa ar-Rashideen (the rightly guided caliphs), those who guide to the right way. Cling to it stubbornly [literally: with your molar teeth]. Beware of newly invented matters [in the religion], for verily every bidah (innovation) is misguidance.”
[Abu Dawud]
It was related by at-Tirmidhi, who said that it was a good and sound hadeeth.
in another Hadith :
Prophet (pbuh) himself when he said, “
The caliphate of Prophecy will last thirty years; then Allah will give the Kingdom to whom He wishes” (Abu Dawud).
And historians calculate that to be around the time of the Reign of Abu Bakr, Omar, Uthman, Ali.. (Radiyallah Anhum)
So basically after Abu Bakr (Ra) died the next caliph followed who would direct people with rulings and so on and son on until the last caliph Ali bin Abi Talib was Martyred..
So the question is.. who would people go to next for rulings on things from prophetic narrations and what the Caliphs Commanded..
after the time of the Caliphs passed the were no proper bodies or councils of people that would direct people and make rulings accordingly.. the only thing left was prophetic narration that was taught by Sahaba to their students and then Those students to their potential students and ruling were made by the scholars and their understanding and evidence of the way of the prophet
So here is where the 4 schools of thought come in.
to summarize the rest of it without going into huge details..
The 4 schools of thought were each created by Imam MaliK (RA), Imam Abu Hanifa (RA), Imam Shafi'i (Ra), and Imam Ahmad bin Hambal (RA)
These people were certified Mammoths of their times.. they memorized Hundreds of thousands of hadith with their chain if narration and had backing of the students of Sahaba or their Students..
Now the problem was no one knew what rulings should be directed like i said again there was nothing to get guidelines from..for example the way prophet (saw) prayed.. the way he made Wuduo.. what about the beard he had.. what did he recite during prayer etc etc.. they just had prophet's narrations but not their practical implementation or guidance
So Basically Imam MaliK the Creator of the Maliki Fiqh used the actions of the people of Madina where Prophet spent most of in and the a thousand narrations that he got from over a 100,000 hadith he memorized and complied it into his book called Muwatta Imam Malik.. which is a book of islamic law and ruling based on quran and sunnah
Similarly the Imam abu Hanifa who was in Kufa (Iraq or syria ig) faced a similar problem and unlike Imam Malik Kufa wasn't a fertile soil for prophetic tradition's implementation.. so he had his way of dealing with Islamic ruling
and the rest 2 Imam's (Imama Shafi'i and Imama Ahma) followed making their own fiqh after observing the fiqkh of Imama Mailk and Imam Abu hanifa.. in the attempt to make a much more conservative and uncompromising jurisprudential body that is true to Prophet's teachings and his companions
They all have differences but not such that they directly contradict Islam and Quran in general which they should have consensus on coz note that Imam Malik and Imam Abu Hanifa used to meet each other... Imama Shafi'i was a student of Imam Malik and Imam Ahmad was a student of imam Shafi'i..... Imam Shafi'i and Imam Ahmad used to travel extensively unlike Imama Malik amd Imama Abu Hanifa.. so they gathers more Hadiths that were spread across the arabian peninsula ( as alot of the sahaba were sperad around arabia.. like some in iraq and in Egypt and had their students there.. and niw there were scholars there too) than Imam Malik who was in Madina only and Imama Abu hanifa who was in Kufa .. they just have their own way of approaching rulings of Islam
And the vast majority of the scholars agree that following the one you prefer is alright.. and these 4 imam had respect for each other and eveb if their ways of approaching Islamic law and rules differed
so no one in their right mind who would know theseu things woukd come up to and say.. Imam abu hanifa was wrong
if someone say that you shoukd realize that they are ignorant and had an IQ of a toe nail to call the geniuses of their times WRONG..
the flipin ballz people have smh
any way i think i went on for too long but hopefully this helped in your understanding to why schools of thoughts exist.